	2.6.1 Comparison of the Results for the Tested Boilers
	2.6.2 Particulate Controls Used in the Tested Boilers
	2.6.3 Improvement of the Operating Procedures
	2.6.4 Effects of Fuel Type
	2.6.5 Economic Effectiveness of the Proposed Solutions for Reducing the Emission and 
			Improving the Combustion Efficiency

3.0 Engineering

3.1 Extension of the Heating System

	3.1.1 The Characteristics of Kraków's Heating System
	3.1.2 Description & Classification of Existing Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers
	3.1.3 Heat Demand Balance for the City of Kraków
	3.1.4 Development Options for the Municipal District Heating Network
	3.1.5 Connecting Solid Fuel Boilers to the Municipal District Heating System
	3.1.6 Costs of Eliminating the Low Level Emissions

3.2 Conversion of Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers to Natural Gas

	3.2.1 Introduction
	3.2.2 Municipal Gas Distribution System in Kraków
	3.2.3 Technical Options Employed in Converting Boilers to Natural Gas Regulations & Requirements
	3.2.4 Converting Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers to Natural Gas in the Old Town
	3.2.5 Analysis of the Possibility of Converting the Boiler Houses and Home Stoves to 
			Natural Gas Within the Second Ring Road
	3.2.6 Analysis of Possibilities of Adapting the Municipal Natural Gas Distribution Network
			in Kraków to Satisfy the Increased Demand for Gas for Heating

3.3 Conversion of Coal-Fired Home Stoves to Electric Heating

	3.3.1 Technical Description of Conversion
	3.3.2 Technical Conversion of Coal-Fired Stoves to Electricity for Heating in the 
			Region of Lobzów Station
	3.3.3 Technical Analysis of Conversion of Coal-Fired Stoves to Electricity for 
			Heating in the Old Town Quarter
	3.3.4 Feasibility of Using Electricity to Heat Apartments in Kraków

3.4 Conversion of Coal-Fired Stove Heating to Natural Gas-Fired Systems

	3.4.1 Present State
	3.4.2 Analysis of Capital Cost of Reconstruction
	3.4.3 Conclusion

3.5 Modernization of the Krzeslawice Boiler House

	3.5.1 Selecting a Boiler House for Modernization
	3.5.2 The Aims of Modernization of the Boiler House
	3.5.3 The Present State of the Boiler House
	3.5.4 Summary of Options Analysis

3.6 Solid Fuel Supplies to Kraków

	3.6.1 Present State
	3.6.2 The Possibilities of Obtaining "Improved" Fuels
	3.6.3 Cost of Improved Fuels

4.0 Air Quality

4.1 Background

	4.1.1 Legal Regulations and Standards

4.2 Methods of Calculation
: 4.3 Summary of Results: Conversion of Old Town Boiler Houses to Natural Gas Firing
: 4.4 Summary of Results: Modernization of the Krzeslawice Boiler House
: 4.5 Summary of Results: Converting Home Coal-Fired Stoves to Electricity
: 4.6 Summary of Results: Eliminating Home Stoves or Using Briquettes in Home Stoves
: 4.7 Summary of Results: Connecting Boiler Houses to the Municipal District Heating Network
: 4.8 Basic Effect of Introducing All the Options of Abating Low Emissions

5.0 Public Opinion and Sources of Low Emissions

5.1 Focus Group Studies

	5.1.1 Methodology
	5.1.2 Focus Group Results

5.2 Public Opinion Survey by Questionnaire

	5.2.1 Studies of the Present State of Public Opinion on Environmental Pollution
	5.2.2 The Goal of the Studies
	5.2.3 Study Methods and Implementation Procedures
	5.2.4 Selected Results of Questionnaire Study

5.3 Description of Public Relations Activities

	5.3.1 Press Releases
	5.3.2 Brochure
	5.3.3 Seminars
	5.3.4 Press Conferences
	5.3.5 Film

6.0 Analysis of Incentives

6.1 Scope of Work and Methods Used

	6.1.1 Scope and Objectives of the Work
	6.1.2 Methods Used by Polinvest

6.2 Energy Price Forecasts

	6.2.1 General Information and Fuel Price Forecasts
	6.2.2 Conclusions on the Energy Price Forecasts
	6.2.3 Changes in Fuel Prices During 1990 - 1995

6.3 Organization of the Current Fuel and Energy Manufacturing and Distribution System in Poland (Kraków)

	6.3.1 Fuel and Energy Distribution Systems
	6.3.2 Subsidies to the Cost of Heating
	6.3.3 Fuel and Energy Price Setting Systems

6.4 Results of Capital Project Studies

	6.4.1 Feasibility of Developing the MPEC S.A. District Heating Network in Areas of Local 
		Boiler House Closure
	6.4.2 Economic Viability of Coal/Coke-Fired Boiler Houses in the Old Town
	6.4.3 Comparative Analysis of Replacing Coal Firing with Electrical Power for an Average 
		Ceramic Stove
	6.4.4 Study of the Profitability of Enlarging the "Lobzów" Power District
	6.4.5 Feasibility of Using Briquettes Instead of Coal in Heating with Ceramic Home-Heating 
		Stoves
	6.4.6 A Study of the Incentives Required for Individual Projects

6.5. Comparative Analysis of Current and Forecast Cost of Operating Heating Equipment With Various Types of Fuel

	6.5.1 Study Objectives and Initial Assumptions
	6.5.2 Annual Heating Equipment Operating Cost
	6.5.3 Forecast Heating Equipment & System Operating Cost

6.6 Recommendation of Possible Actions to be Undertaken by The City Hall in Order to Carry Out the Program

	6.6.1 Recommendations on Deductions, Exemptions, and Other Possible Measures to be 
		Undertaken by the City
	6.6.2 Statutory Tax Deductions & Exemptions
	6.6.3 Environmental Protection Fund Subsidies & Loans, Preferential Loans
	6.6.4 Municipal Strategy and Mechanisms Requisite for the Elimination of Low Emissions
	6.6.5 Incentives and Stimuli Appropriate for the Low Emissions Reduction Program's 
		Individual Subprojects

7.0 Energy Conservation Demonstration

7.1 Background and Objectives

7.2 Kraków Building Stock and Energy Pricing

7.3 Design of the Conservation Demonstration

	7.3.1 Experiment Structure
	7.3.2 Conservation Measures Demonstrated
	7.3.3 Energy Efficiency Incentives

7.4 Evaluation of Energy Savings

7.5 Cost of Measures and Savings

7.6 Discussion

7.7 Conclusions

8.0 Comparison of Options

8.1 Comparison Methodology
: 8.2 Categories of Low Emission Sources Considered; in the Comparison of Options for Kraków
: 8.3 Input Assumptions for Source Categories
: 8.4 Comparison of Results of Options
: 8.5 Illustration of the Use of the Spreadsheet; to Compare Complete Scenarios for the City

9.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

10.0 References

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Proceedings

Kraków Conference

on Low Emission Sources

Table of Contents

Session I: Keynote Presentations

Co-Chairmen: Howard Feibus, U.S. DOE and Jan Friedberg, Deputy Mayor of Kraków

Air Protection Strategy in Poland

Minister Bernard Blaszczyk, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry

Needs and Perspectives of Air Quality Improvement in Kraków

Jerzy Wertz, Director of the Office of Environmental Protection, Voivodeship of Kraków

The Kraków Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program

Howard Feibus, U.S. Department of Energy

Session II: Kraków Program Phase I Results - Energy Conservation

Co-Chairmen: Adam Gula, FEWE and Joanna Markussen, U.S. Department of Energy

Energy Savings in Polish Buildings

Lawrence C. Markel, Electrotek Concepts, Inc., Adam Gula, FEWE, and George Reeves, Lakeland Utility Conservation, Inc.

Economic Aspects of Possible Residential Heating Conservation

Marian Hopkowicz and Anna Szul, Technical University, Kraków

Practical Results of Heat Conservation in a Housing Estate Scale

Leon Piotrowski, "Pradnik Bialy-Zachód" Housing Cooperative, Kraków

Session III: Kraków Program Phase I Results - Economic Approaches for Control of Emission Sources and Improvement of Air Quality

Co-Chairmen: Jan Bieda, Kraków Development Office and Thomas Butcher, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Coal-fired Boiler Houses in Kraków, Present State and Possibilities to Improve their Efficiency

Piotr Cyklis, Institute of Industrial Equipment and Power Engineering, Technical University, Kraków, and Thomas Butcher, Brookhaven National Laboratory

On the Possibilities of Reduction in Emission Caused by Home Tile Stoves in Kraków

Witold Szewczyk, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Kraków

Measurement Results Obtained from Air Quality Monitoring System

Pawel K. Turzanski and Roman Beres, Provincial Inspection of Environmental Protection, Kraków

Effect of Low Emission Sources on Air Quality in Kraków

Janusz Nedoma, EKOPOL Environmental Engineering Studies and Design Office, Co. Ltd., Kraków

Conclusions Drawn from Actions Implemented Within the First Stage of the Kraków Program of Energy Conservation and Clean Fossil Fuels

Jan Bieda and Janusz Bardel, Kraków Development Office and Barbara Pierce, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Legal and Financial Methods for Reducing Low Emission Sources: Options for Incentives

Wieslaw Samitowski, Office of Economic and Legal Advisors, Polinvest Ltd., Kraków

The Selection of the American-Polish Joint Venture Projects for the Kraków Program and Results of the Efforts to Date

Douglas F. Gyorke, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, and Thomas A. Butcher, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Session IV: Use of the Results of the Low Emission Sources Project in the Development of a Model Energy System Management in Kraków

Co-Chairmen: Jan Friedberg, Deputy Mayor of Kraków and Joseph Strakey, U.S. Department of Energy

Influence of the Kraków low emission sources project on the development of the energy management system in Kraków

Jan Friedberg, Deputy Mayor of Kraków; Krzysztof Görlich, Deputy Mayor of Kraków; and Kazimierz Glowacki, Office of the City of Kraków

Program of "Low Emissions" Elimination and Power Recovery by the Kraków Heat and Power Plant for the City of Kraków and its Residents

Jacek Drezewski and Tadeusz Kasprzyk, Kraków Heat and Power Plant, Kraków

Extension and Modernization of the System of Municipal Heat Distribution Networks and Elimination of Emission in the Remaining Sources

Director Leszek Ciurlik, Municipal Heat Distribution Enterprise Inc. (MPEC SA) Kraków

Problems of Elimination of Low Emission

Aleksander Stepniowski, Municipal Gas Distribution Enterprise, Kraków

Modern Technical Solutions of Gas-fired Heating Devices of Household and Commercial Use and Analysis of their Testing

Leokadia Bodzon, Wieslaw Radwan, Oil Mining and Gas Engineering Institute, Kraków

Contribution of Electric Energy to the Process of Elimination of Low Emission Sources in Kraków

Janusz Lach, Tadeusz Mejer, Andrzej Wybranski, Power Distribution Plant, Joint Stock Company, Kraków

Session V: Financing Projects

Co-Chairmen: Jerzy Wertz, Voivodeship of Kraków and Robert Ichord, U.S. Agency for International Development

Capacity and Principles of Participation of the Provincial Fund of Environmental Protection and Water Management in Kraków - in Kraków Program of Elimination of Low Emission Sources

Krzsztof Bolek and Henryk Sarzynski, Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Kraków

Information on the Possibilities of Kraków Community in the Field of the Elimination of Low Emission under the Community Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management

Wlodzimierz Roznowski, Environmental Protection Department, Kraków

Perspectives of Cooperation with the World Bank Towards Elimination of Low Emission Sources in Kraków

Krzysztof Görlich, Deputy Mayor of Kraków

Refinancing of the Upgrade of Heating Conversion as a Financial Instrument Used in Bytom Community to Reduce Low Emission

Wlodzimierz Charchula, Environmental Protection Department, City Hall, Bytom and Grazyna Wójcik, Capital and Credit Department, Environmental Protection Bank (BOS S.A.) Katowice Branch

Developing a Strategy for Imroving Efficiency in the Heating Sector in Central and Eastern Europe

Anke Sofia Meyer, Industry and Energy Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Commercial Presentations

U.S. Companies

Polish Companies

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